An adequate, continuing supply of land will be provided, to facilitate a mixed pattern of new house building in the Borough.

In order to meet demographic needs and the need for replacement of cleared dwellings, land will be made available for not less than 9100 new dwellings to be constructed during the period from mid-1986 to mid-2001.

However, the RPG figure was explicitly a minimum and the guidance required the Councils to monitor a changing situation. More recent demographic information has demonstrated that the original informing projections are sufficiently out of step with subsequent events in Tameside as to require replacement as the basis for housing provision in the UDP.

In these circumstances, the O.P.C.S. 1989-based projections of Tameside's population in mid-2001 (222,600 persons) and the O.P.C.S. 1989-based projection of average household size in mid-2001 (2.43 persons per household) adjusted up to 2.45 as a correction from 1991 Mid Year Estimate data, are taken as the best estimates upon which reasonable reliance can be placed to inform the UDP process. This produces a projected mid-2001 total of approximately 90,800 households, from which the mid-1986 total of 82,400 is deducted, to leave a demographically derived need for 8400 dwellings over the UDP timescale.

The additional allowance to be made for clearance replacement is more realistically based on actual and projected clearance activity in the light of available resources, than on numbers of unfit dwellings in the Borough.

In the 8 years from mid-1986 to mid-1994, a total of 312 dwellings were cleared. When the UDP was first prepared the Council had anticipated a clearance programme averaging 73 dwellings per annum over the 15 year period. Subsequent events have shown this to be over stated, but if the original rate were to be sustained from 1994 to 2001, (which would require a substantial increase in Government resources), a further 511 dwellings would be lost. If no more than 25% of these future cleared dwellings were to be replaced on site, it would be necessary to make a further allowance for 384 replacements, producing a total clearance allowance of approximately 700. This figure is then added to the demographically derived need of 8400 to produce an updated UDP housing requirement of 9100 dwellings from mid-1986 to mid-2001.

The total supply of land for house building in Tameside between mid-1986 and mid-2001, as assessed in mid-1995, is approximately 9580 dwellings, which is reduced to 9360 after deducting a 10% allowance for slippage on those sites which have not yet been started. The derivation of the total is summarised below and the component sites in categories (b) to (e) are listed in Appendix 2. Category (a) covers completions on sites of all sizes, categories (b) to (f) relate only to sites of 0.4ha or more in size, and category (g) relates only to sites of less than 0.4ha.

The principle of making a realistic allowance for unidentified or "windfall" sites as a contribution to overall housing land supply is accepted within Strategic Guidance. Windfall sites are defined as ones which cannot presently be identified through the development plan but which, on the basis of past trends, can be expected to gain planning approval during the plan period, such as through redevelopment or infilling.

Between mid-1981 and mid-1995, 58 previously unidentified sites of 0.4 hectares or more came forward for development, providing a total of 2580 dwellings, at a rate of 184 per annum. The large unidentified sites allowance of 300 dwellings from mid-1995 to mid-2001 (category (f) above) represents no more than 50 p.a. and is therefore relatively safe and modest in relation to past trends, despite stronger policies than previously on the protection of employment sites and urban open spaces.

The unidentified small sites allowance in category (g) above is justified in relation to both past completions and known site availability. The number of dwellings completed on sites of less than 0.4ha between mid-1986 and mid-1995 has averaged 74 per annum - approximately 10% of all completions. As at mid-1995, planning permissions were extant for a total of 735 dwellings to be built on sites of less than 0.4ha, including both new-build and conversions. Similar sites also existed at that time on which up to 600 further dwellings could in principle be approved on the basis of established planning policies. The allowance made in category (g) of 240 dwellings on small unidentified sites between mid-1995 and mid-2001 represents an average of 40 p.a., which can be seen to be reasonable in relation to these statistics.

The total provision of land will enable house building to continue in various parts of Tameside during the remainder of the UDP period, at a rate of around 502 dwellings per annum from mid-1995, or at a rate of 624 per annum if spread over the whole of the 15 year period from mid-1986 to mid-2001.

Sites allocated for housing development in the Plan have been selected on the basis of attempting to maximise the use of land within the urban area, protect valuable amenity land and sites required for employment, and achieve a balanced range and spread of sites to meet both housing needs and support economic growth. However, housing land provision in Tameside is likely to be finely balanced in relation to demographic need and market demand, and there remain strong arguments for review of the UDP (as first adopted) to be progressed as speedily as possible.

Such review must of course be undertaken in the light of new Regional Planning Guidance which the Government intends to publish, having released a draft in April 1995. Once guidance is issued in a form which enables the housing land requirements for Tameside beyond 2001 to be properly taken into account, the Council will indicate its timetable for the review process. This could not be predicted reliably as at May 1995, but if the Government were to publish metropolitan district housing land requirements up to 2011 early in 1997 (as seems probable in relation to the Draft RPG released in April 1995), the Council would hope to have a first review of the UDP on deposit during 1998

(a) Within the existing built up area or acceptable conversions in the countryside, and

(b) Not on land zoned or allocated for employment purposes (with the exception in certain circumstances of mill conversions), and

(c) Not on land required for recreation or amenity purposes, and

(d) Not likely to detract from the character of river valleys and country parks, and

(e) Not detrimental to the character and amenity of an established residential area.

This will be seen as a means of maximising and diversifying the supply of housing to meet need and demand, particularly where it contributes to the provision of affordable / social housing, special needs housing and dwellings for smaller households.

H3/H4. The Borough has a declining average household size and an increasing number of single person households. Half the Council's waiting list is made up of single young people. Conversion and sub-division of existing larger or non residential properties can often be a cost effective way of increasing not only total supply but more critically the components of supply which address these needs. It may assist in the provision of types of accommodation which are at present less easily achieved through new build, including low cost and rented stock or hostels for special needs, whilst at the same time making better use of under utilised or empty properties and helping to retain or introduce residential activity in a particular area, such as a town centre.

Problems can arise however if the extent and details of conversion and sub division are not carefully considered. Although questions of internal standards overlap with other legislation, this is clearly relevant to planning control because of the need to obtain consent for a particular number of units or a house in multiple occupation. Internal design may also influence the likelihood of disturbance being caused to other residents, either within the scheme itself or in adjoining properties. In some instances sub division could lead to difficulties such as congested roadside parking, which could affect residential amenity or road safety.

It is important that any comprehensive set of renewal proposals which includes clearance of residential property should in the first instance seek to re-use the cleared sites for new housing, although there may occasionally be circumstances which conflict with this objective. Any replacement dwellings unable to be accommodated on the cleared sites should be located as near to the original housing as possible. This is to ensure the retention of the community and the character of the neighbourhood, especially where clearance is patchy, and to avoid forced displacement of households away from the area. Opportunities for replacement sites within the nearby urban area may become increasingly limited, emphasising the priority which should be given to retaining the original sites in housing use. Ideally, density should be as high as practicable in order to maximise the use of land and to aid the provision of affordable housing, although some sites may still prove too small for acceptable development.

There will be particular emphasis towards encouraging the provision of affordable housing as an integral part of large housing developments in suitable locations.

This will be achieved through the use of the Council's own land and through co-operation and negotiation with other housing agencies and the developers of privately owned residential sites.

Affordable housing is defined, for the purposes of this policy, as dwellings that can be afforded by those on low incomes who otherwise would not be able to enter into the housing market. The National Federation of Housing Associations gives a guideline figure that for low income groups rent should be around 22% of disposable income (excluding the effects of housing benefits).  In achieving low cost rented housing, it is proposed that the target for rent levels should be between 22 and 25% of disposable income excluding housing benefits. To ensure the affordability of the dwelling is sustained for successive and not just the initial occupier, it will normally be necessary to involve the Housing Authority and/or a Housing Association in the building, purchasing or managing of affordable dwellings.

The direct provision of social housing by the Council declined substantially during the 1980's. With the restriction placed on its capital budget, new build has declined to practically zero and under tenant's "right to buy" the Borough has lost around 18% of its stock, the majority being family houses. The role of the Council in the provision of social housing is increasingly that of an enabler. Housing Associations and private sector partnerships represent key agencies in its direct provision. To ensure that the needs of the Borough's population are met a variety of tenures need promoting, including rent and shared ownership schemes.

Whilst the use of Council owned land will represent an important part of this strategy, private speculative development is now the dominant form of house building in the Borough. The Council must therefore increasingly look to the private sector to help in meeting the needs of the Borough's population. In future, when such housing development is proposed on sites of appropriate size and location, the Council will negotiate for a mix and balance of housing types to be incorporated, to enable the provision of low cost housing for sale or rent to meet local housing needs, in addition to catering purely for market demand. The size threshold and balance should not be rigid, as sites and schemes may have differing characteristics which influence their suitability for affordable housing. This approach follows that outlined in P.P.G.3.

In order to identify the nature and extent of the need for affordable housing, at a more local level than the Borough as a whole, the Council will undertake a continuing and more detailed analysis of demographic and housing indicators than described above. Up to date assessment of need at a town or other appropriate local level, which is produced in this way, will be used as a basis for targets which may be set in planning briefs for particular sites, and as a basis for negotiation with developers. In looking at the manner in which locally identified needs for affordable housing can be met, regard will be had, among other things, to the contribution which may be possible through suitable conversion of existing buildings and higher density redevelopment schemes within urban areas.

Further justification for these policies is provided in the Strategic Overview on Housing and Population.

Where appropriate, the Council will include targets of affordable housing, based on identified local needs, in planning briefs for individual sites, and will expect developers to enter into planning obligations to secure such provision and to ensure that it is retained for the benefit of future occupants in need of such provision. Where appropriate, this may be assisted by involving a suitable housing agency.

This will extend to new initiatives and innovative schemes in the housing field which assist in the provision of specialised forms of accommodation within the overall sphere of housing need.

H9. Aside from the question of affordability, there are certain groups within the community who have particular housing needs. These include those with special needs due to old age or physical and mental disability, and also ethnic minority groups where there is a greater occurrence of extended families and therefore a greater requirement for larger housing located within or close to existing communities. A survey of the Bangladeshi community in Hyde indicated an average household size of 5.6 persons compared with 2.5 for the whole of the Borough.

Persons of retirement age account for approximately one fifth of Tameside's population. Between 1981 and 1991 the number rose by approximately 3% to 39,000. Although it is expected that the number of pensioners will decline slightly over the plan period, more significantly it is projected that there will be a large rise in the number of very elderly.

Between 1981 and 1991, the number of persons aged 75 years and over increased by 21% to 14,200, representing 6.6% of the Borough's total population. By the end of the plan period, this sector of the population is expected to rise by a further 10%. In 1991, over 14,000 pensioners lived alone, 35% of all pensioners. This trend demonstrates the increasing need for specialised accommodation.

With the advent of the Community Care Programme and the strategic role played by Social Services, the Council will pursue joint working arrangements with providing agencies, such as Housing Associations and voluntary groups, to secure housing for special needs groups.

The Council will encourage the provision of housing which is intended specifically for elderly people or people in need of care. Such provision will be facilitated through

(a) Negotiation and close co-operation with providing agencies, and

(b) Development of suitable sites in the Council's ownership in partnership with the private sector, and

(c) Encouraging developers, through negotiation, to incorporate features within the layout of suitable residential sites which facilitate easy access, parking and movement for people with impaired mobility.

H10. One of the difficulties likely to be encountered with advancing age is impaired mobility, and this can of course also affect people of all ages as a result of disabilities from birth or those brought on by illness or accidents. It is therefore only sensible that housing intended for the elderly and for certain other special needs should be designed for the greater accessibility appropriate to their role. This would in fact be normal practice in the majority of such cases.

However, most people with impaired mobility will be living in mainstream accommodation. Based on an O.P.C.S. survey of disability in Great Britain in 1988, it is estimated that around 25,000 (14%) of adults in Tameside suffer from some form of disability, 17,000 of these or 10% of the adult population having impaired mobility. Whilst in severe cases they may be eligible for grant aided adaptations to existing properties, it would seem reasonable that people with impaired mobility should have adequate opportunity to find dwellings suitable to their needs from among those on offer in the regular private housing market. A valuable contribution to this provision could be made by negotiating for a proportion of units on suitable sites to be designed accordingly. Details of design requirements are not prescribed by this policy and could also be negotiated, in the light of the technical guidance available at the time. For the purposes of this policy and its justification, references to "design" are concerned with questions of exterior layout only.

Whilst such provision could be on a private site, consideration will continue to be given to provision of a local authority site, taking account of expressed demand and other evidence of need, such as problems caused by use of unauthorised sites. In assessing this need, account will also be taken of alternative provision in neighbouring authorities and on private sites.

H11/H11a. Since the repeal of Part II of the Caravan Sites Act 1968 under the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, the local authority no longer has a statutory duty to provide sites for the use of gypsies (including other people who have a nomadic habit of life). However, the Council still has discretionary power to provide such sites under the Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960. Moreover, the Government expect the new legislation to lead to more applications for private gypsy sites, believing that many gypsies would prefer to find and buy their own sites to develop and manage, as outlined in their guidance in DoE Circular No. 1/94 "Gypsy Sites and Planning".

For many years, it has been the Council's objective to identify a suitable gypsy caravan site. It has undertaken an extensive examination of a large number of possible locations within the Borough. Although no longer under a statutory duty to provide a site, the Council has continued to investigate the matter, including the possibility of a joint scheme with the National Gypsy Council.

The Borough has also encountered problems with groups of other travelling people such as "new age travellers". In Tameside, they have been responsible for many of the incidents of illegal camping on private and local authority land, and the conflicts which often arise as a result between travellers and the Borough's permanent residents. Such groups may not fall within the legal definition of gypsies, in that they may have a nomadic habit of life, but do not move from place to place with a purpose in mind as a necessary and characteristic part of their lives. Nevertheless, as far as Tameside is concerned, provision of a permanent and suitable site, or sites, for both gypsies and other travellers will, it is hoped, reduce the problems and assist the upholding of injunctions for removal of illegally parked caravans.

Government advice in Circular No. 1/94 refers to three main types of site : (1) sites for settled occupation (2) temporary stopping places and (3) transit sites. The ideal characteristics of such sites are described for illustrative purposes in Annex B. In Tameside, whilst there may be a need for all three classes of site, the main requirement appears to be for a site for settled occupation, and it is this need that a local authority site is likely to address.

In any proposal for accommodation for travelling people, there will be a wide range of detailed matters requiring consideration, as well as the principle of development in a particular location. The development control criteria set down here identify the main considerations but, inevitably, cannot provide an exhaustive summary of how a particular planning proposal would be treated, particularly in view of the potentially contentious nature of such facilities.

In considering proposals for accommodation for gypsies and other travelling people, whether they be for local authority or private sites, the Council will require that they normally satisfy the following criteria

(a) They avoid close proximity to substantial residential development, and

(b) They are nevertheless reasonably close to town or local centres, shops, schools, medical, social and other essential services, and

(c) They are reasonably close to employment opportunities and if appropriate, incorporate a suitably located "work area" on site, and

(d) They have good road access and are preferably close to a bus route, and

(e) They are linked to water, sewerage and other main services, and

(f) They are not likely to cause an excessive environmental impact, nor conflict with other interests such as those of agriculture or statutory undertakers, and

(g) They avoid creation of noise, atmospheric pollution or other conditions which may be unacceptable for local people, and

(h) They are acceptable with regard to other policies in this Plan.

In considering detailed proposals, the Council will have regard to the characteristics of sites described in Annex B of Circular No. 1/94. Consideration will also be given, if appropriate, to conditions, for example concerning landscaping, control of business operations, and (on transit sites) maximum length of stay.

This will include in particular the use of disused upper floors of shops and other business premises, and former mills where suitable, especially where it meets the needs of those households unable to compete in the housing market.

H12. This policy is intended to serve a dual purpose. In the housing field it should help to increase the overall supply, typically by utilising existing under used property but in some instances also by new build, without the need to develop further areas of open land. Town centre locations may also be particularly suitable for satisfying part of the demand from smaller households and for more affordable accommodation.

At the same time, encouraging housing use forms part of the strategy to enhance the attractiveness of the Borough's town centres, particularly through better upkeep of disused or under used upper floors of shops and other commercial property. A residential presence in town centres outside of business hours may have other benefits such as improved opportunities for safety and security. In some instances there could be conflicts on parking capacity which will require careful assessment, but the greater availability of public transport and the likelihood that smaller households will in general have lower rates of car ownership should reduce the scale of any such problems.

Provision may be required to meet the direct needs of new development and of areas where existing provision is inadequate, or where forecast population changes indicate that additional provision will become necessary during the plan period.

There are two possible ways in which this issue could impinge on proposals for private housing development. There could be circumstances where the only land suitable for a recognised school need forms part of a site brought forward for housing development, in which case the Council may wish to secure a reservation of the required area. In some instances of more extensive housing proposals the need may arise from the development itself, in which case the Council could reasonably expect to negotiate with the developer about the means of achieving the additional provision. As a general guide, the effect on local schools could be an issue in the case of housing development proposals for over 50 units, in areas where the existing provision is operating close to its capacity, although in other areas of lesser pressure the threshold would be higher.

"Community" facilities coming within the scope of this policy could include a community centre, village hall, scout/guide hut, clinic, creche, or other form of meeting / activity room. "Commercial" facilities could include a general stores, off licence, newsagents/sweets/tobacconist, post office or other form of local shop, along with a public house or other food and drink establishments geared primarily to the needs of a local catchment area.

Where additional or extended school provision is required as a direct result of a proposal or series of proposals for residential development, the developer(s) will be expected to enter into planning obligations to reserve land, secure school provision on or off the site, or contribute to the cost of such provision.

The extent of the provision will be outlined in a planning brief and should be related in scale to the proposed development.

The Council, through negotiation, will seek provision for local leisure or community facilities where a direct need arises as the result of a proposed development.

The extent of the provision will be outlined in a planning brief and should be related in scale to the proposed development and the distribution of similar existing facilities.

If necessary, developer(s) will be expected to enter into planning obligations to reserve land, secure provision of such facilities on or off the site, or to make an appropriate contribution to the cost of their provision.

Further large new housing developments may place increased pressure on those local leisure, community and commercial facilities which are accessible, or extend the areas of poor coverage. It is therefore reasonable that the availability of local facilities of this kind should be considered when more extensive schemes of housing development are proposed, and that where appropriate the opportunities for inclusion or reservation within the scheme of otherwise under provided facilities should be the subject of negotiation.

Except where the needs of the development can be adequately met by conveniently located existing facilities, or the number of dwellings is too small to require such provision in its own right, housing proposals should normally incorporate appropriately sized, and suitably located and designed, open spaces for children's play and/or local recreational and amenity purposes.

Such local open spaces may, where more appropriate, be provided by agreement on conveniently located sites outside the development itself or by the upgrading of existing open space accessible to the occupiers of the development.

In all cases the means of future maintenance must be established at the planning stage and if necessary developers will be expected to enter into planning obligations to secure both initial provision and subsequent maintenance.

This policy sets out the basis on which open space will be required within or in association with schemes of housing development. Its premise is that suitable but often quite small areas of local open space serving both recreational and amenity purposes are a valuable and necessary part of the urban scene and that it is reasonable for new housing proposals to make an appropriate contribution to such provision. In this the Council is reassured by statements in P.P.G.3.

However, the policy does not require land to be laid out within the site in every instance, irrespective of the pattern of existing open spaces in the surrounding area or the nature of the scheme. Where existing open spaces can meet the needs of the new residents and for children's play, the requirement can be waived. In certain other circumstances it may be more practical for the Council, the developer and the users if provision is made or improved off site. Arrangements of this latter kind would be the subject of negotiations and could, by agreement in suitable cases, involve a payment to the Council for the upgrading of an open space off the site in lieu of the provision of open space within the site itself.

For general guidance, in normal circumstances schemes containing around 50 dwellings would require the provision of open space of at least 0.2 hectares within the site or a suitable equivalent provision elsewhere. Above that size, an area of 40 sq.metres per dwelling gives a general indication of the amount of open space considered to be necessary. These guidelines are consistent with the target of 1.6 hectares of children's play space or other informal open space per 1000 population as set out in policy L12.

(a) Adequate arrangements can be provided for access and parking for both the existing and proposed dwellings, and

(b) Adequate garden areas can be retained, and

(c) Adequate privacy can be maintained between existing and proposed dwellings and between their gardens, and

(d) No serious detriment will occur to the character of the area enjoyed by other residents.

A comprehensive approach will be required where backland development is envisaged covering a number of plots within a particular area, including the preparation of a brief for the area as a whole.

Development for residential or other purposes proposed on sites adjacent to operational rail lines will require special consideration, particularly in respect of design, layout, fencing and landscaping.

This is to ensure that railway equipment and infrastructure are not placed at risk due to the development and that users of the site are not endangered or exposed to unacceptable levels of noise.

New developments, changes of use and sub-division for residential purposes (including Class C2 residential institutions), and extensions which create further dwellings, which are acceptable in principle according to other policies in this Plan, will normally be permitted subject to satisfying each of the following more detailed requirements wherever relevant

(a) Vehicle parking space should be provided within the curtilage of individual dwellings, or easily accessible from dwellings and where possible visible from them, on the basis of 2 spaces per house where both are in-curtilage, or 1.5 per house where there is communal parking, 1.25 spaces per flat, 0.5 spaces per bedsitter, and 0.25 spaces per resident of hostels.

(b) In considering conversions and change of use proposals, regard will be had to the parking requirement generated by the previous use. Provision of dwellings in town centres may also take into account the availability of nearby public parking spaces.

(c) In the case of rest homes and nursing homes, space should normally be provided within the site to accommodate ambulances and other service traffic and to provide parking space at the level of 1 space per 3 bedrooms, plus 1 space per resident worker and 1 space per 3 care workers on site at the busiest time.

(d) Vehicular access to and from the highway should be of satisfactory width, alignment and visibility, as should any new public highway which it is intended to construct as part of the development.

(e) Traffic generated by the development should not cause unacceptable problems of danger or congestion on the adjoining highway network.

(f) Existing footpaths on the site should be retained or where appropriate diverted to an acceptable agreed route. New footpaths should be provided where these can provide direct and traffic-free access to points of attraction. Every effort should be made to design footpaths with the personal security of their users in mind.

Suitable provision should be made for the storage of "wheelie bins" within the curtilage of dwellings, to the side or rear, or in a purpose built store at the front. It should be possible for the bins to be wheeled to the highway avoiding steep gradients and steps.

(h) The design and layout of the development should minimise the degree of overshadowing and overlooking between new dwellings within the site, and between new and existing dwellings or other properties adjoining the site.

(i) All houses should have a private garden area, which should enable residents to sit in the sunshine and to air clothes. Where private rear or side gardens would be overlooked from roads, footpaths or open space, they should be screened from view of passers-by.

(j) Existing features of importance such as retained and adjoining buildings, trees, hedges, ponds and elements of nature conservation interest, should be identified in a survey of the site at the design stage. The new development should fit sympathetically onto the site and retain attractive landscape or other features, wherever possible and practical.

(k) New development, and infill schemes in particular, should take into account the scale and character of adjoining areas, and use materials which blend with those prevalent in the locality. In Conservation Areas and other areas of special character, new development may need to match as closely as possible the density, scale and character of the existing area, in order to preserve and enhance its appearance.

(l) Where trees are to be retained, new dwellings should not be placed so close as to endanger the health of the tree or to lead to undue overshadowing. Dwellings should not be built within the canopy of a mature tree and allowances should be made for the growth of younger trees.

(m) Where appropriate, landscaping should be used to help soften the appearance of the new development from the highway or adjoining open space and to add interest to the layout. Sensitive landscaping design and fencing is particularly important adjoining major road routes, the trans-Pennine rail route and the canals.

(n) Careful consideration should be given to the type of walling or fencing which may be provided and to the use of robust and hard wearing materials.

(o) Where the site is close to a particular source of noise, the development should incorporate measures to reduce noise within the dwellings and rear garden areas to acceptable levels.

Whilst good quality design and materials appropriate to the surroundings are expected of every scheme, the greatest sensitivity is likely to be needed in the case of proposals within areas of distinctive character and especially Conservation Areas. Parking, access and private open space can often require careful consideration for communal schemes such as flats or rest homes, where future maintenance may also be an issue. Particular priority will be given to incorporating existing landscape and other features into schemes, as this can create both interest and association with the environment. In the great majority of cases it should be quite possible to meet the detailed requirements through measures within the site, but for very extensive schemes highway improvements beyond the site can sometimes be necessary.

These criteria will be described more fully in supplementary planning guidance to be published by the Council, in particular Development Control Guidance Note No. 2 "Residential Development". 

(a) Encourage natural surveillance within schemes, and

(b) Discourage the use of roads by through traffic and illegitimate visitors/pedestrians, and

(c) Avoid obscuring street lighting and creating hiding places when designing landscaping, and

(d) Maintain footpath links as straight, short and wide as possible.

Designing to maximise security does not necessarily detract from nor require drastic changes in existing layouts, and it is a comparatively simple process to incorporate changes at the design stage